The exclusionary rule applies to which of the following?

The exclusionary rule is a legal principle that prohibits the use of evidence collected in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights, particularly under the Fourth Amendment, which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. This rule serves as a deterrent against unlawful police conduct by ensuring that evidence obtained through violations is inadmissible in a court of law.

When it comes to evidential material collected unlawfully, this directly aligns with the purpose of the exclusionary rule. If evidence is obtained without a warrant, probable cause, or consent, it is considered to have been collected in violation of the individual's rights. Therefore, such unlawfully obtained evidence cannot be used in court to secure a conviction, thereby protecting the legal rights of individuals and maintaining the integrity of the judicial process.

In contrast, other choices involve circumstances where evidence is obtained legally or through exceptions to the exclusionary rule, such as with consent or in plain view, and thus would not be subject to exclusion.